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<p>Microcontrollers, also referred to as MCUs (microcontroller units), are embedded semiconductor devices used in circuit board design. They are essentially a computer within an integrated circuit (IC). Microcontrollers are mostly used in single-function embedded applications, unlike microprocessors which are designed for general-purpose work in Personal Computers, Tablets and Smartphones. Microcontrollers are limited in their clock speed compared to microprocessors by the relative slowness of their non-volatile Flash program memory. Learn more in our <a href="/web/content/discovery/ideas-and-advice/microcontrollers-guide">microcontrollers guide</a>.</p><h2>What are Microcontrollers made up of?</h2><p>Microcontrollers contain single or multiple processors, plus memory and I/O peripherals. These peripherals include timers, ADCs (analogue-to-digital converters) and DACs (digital-to-analogue converters).</p><h2>What does 8-bit mean?</h2><p>Microcontrollers have a data bus width which describes the amount of data the MCU can process at a time. For example, an 8-bit microcontroller can process 8 bits at one time. Popular data bus widths include 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit MCUs.</p><h2>What packages are available for Microcontrollers?</h2><p>MCUs come in standard chip packages with various pin counts. Package types include:</p><ul><li>LQFP</li><li>PDIP</li><li>QFN</li><li>SOIC</li><li>SSOP</li><li>TQFP</li><li>TSSOP</li></ul><h2>What are ARM processor cores?</h2><p>Microcontrollers often contain an ARM microprocessor core. ARM represents an architecture developed by ARM Holdings, which is used by other companies to manufacture microprocessors and other devices such as System-on-Chip (SoCs).</p><ul><li>Cortex-M0</li><li>Cortex-M0+</li><li>Cortex-M1</li><li>Cortex-M3</li><li>Cortex-M4</li><li>Cortex-M7</li><li>Cortex-M23</li><li>Cortex-M33</li><li>Cortex-M35P</li></ul><h2>Where are microcontrollers used?</h2><p>MCUs can be found in many technologies and any electronic device containing a sensor, a display, a user interface and a programmable output control or actuator is likely to feature an MCU. They can be found in the following areas:</p><ul><li>Computers</li><li>Automotive</li><li>Robotics</li><li>Automation</li><li>Medical equipment</li><li>Home appliances</li><li>IoT devices</li></ul>

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<p>ATmega is a family of robust microcontrollers ideal for use in a wide range of arduino and other development type applications. ATmega microcontrollers are commonly an 8-bit microcontroller that feature Reduced Instruction Set (RISC) based Harvard Architecture. Furthermore, Atmega microcontrollers utilise separate program memory and data memory.</p><h2>Why use ATmega type microcontrollers?</h2><p>Microcontrollers from the ATmega family feature a wide range of peripherals favoured by many developers. Much like AVR, ATmega microcontrollers are ideal for applications that require peripherals such as:</p><ul><li>On-chip ROM (Read Only Memory)</li><li>Data RAM (Random Access Memory)</li><li>Data EEPROM (Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)</li><li>Timers and Input / Output Ports</li></ul><p>ATmega microcontrollers also boast extra convenient peripherals such as Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) and Serial Interface Ports.</p><p>At RS, you will find a wide selection robust and versatile ATmega microcontrollers with various pin profiles to help achieve your desired outcome.</p>

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ATtiny84 | RS

<p>The ATtiny84 is part of the ATtiny series of AVR microcontrollers (MCUs) by Microchip and its design is based on RISC architecture. The ATtiny84 is a very small and low-cost microcontroller which can be programmed with an Arduino. This chip has a low power consumption with a voltage range from 1.8V to 5.5V and is available in various packages such as SOIC and PDIP.</p><p>The ATiny84 chip is a 8-bit processor which has 14 pins, 12 I/O pins and features:</p><ul><li>8K Flash</li><li>512 Bytes of EEPROM</li><li>512 Bytes of SRAM</li><li>Maximum Frequency 20MHz</li><li>8 ADC channels</li><li>4 PWM channels</li><li>8 bit and 16 bit timer/counter with two PWM channels</li></ul><p>Like the AVR ATtiny85 microcontroller, the ATtiny84 is a great little chip for small projects where size is critical.</p>

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ATtiny85 | RS

<p>The ATtiny85 is an 8 bit AVR microcontroller manufactured by Microchip and its design is based on RISC architecture. The ATtiny85 is a very popular microcontroller due to its small compact size, flexibility and low cost making the ATtiny chip ideal for projects which require simple programming. ATtiny85 can also be programmed with an Arduino, has a low power consumption with the voltage range 2.7V to 5.5V and is available in various packages such as SOIC-8 and DIP.</p><p>The ATtiny85 microcontroller has 8 pins which are assigned with multiple functions. These pins are used to connect external components to the microcontroller, either inputs like sensors, buttons or serial connections, or outputs like LEDs, motors and buzzers. The chip has three built in memories:</p><ul><li>Flash memory</li><li>EEPROM</li><li>SRAM</li><li>32 general purpose registers</li></ul><h2>ATtiny85 Typical Applications</h2><p>This compact microcontroller can be used in applications where small sized embedded chips are required. They can be found in hand held devices where no more than two sensors are required. The ATtiny85 is often used by hobbyists and engineers for small projects where the required number of I/O pins is very low (ATtiny85 has only six I/O pins) and the speed is not a big issue.</p>

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AVR Microcontrollers | RS

<p>Microcontrollers, also referred to as MCUs (microcontroller units), are embedded semiconductor devices used in circuit board design.</p><h2>What is an AVR microcontroller, and how does it differ from other types?</h2><p>An AVR microcontroller refers to a specific type of architecture design, initially developed by the Atmel corporation in 1996 and since engineered through numerous stages of improvements, refinements and iterations.</p><p>AVR microcontrollers are very widely used today in all kinds of embedded systems and circuits, having become especially popular in recent years due to their inclusion in many Arduino hardware products, a type of open development platform aimed chiefly at hobbyist and educational applications, robot builders, experimenters and small system developers.</p><p>Other popular uses of AVR microcontrollers include numerous automotive applications, including security, safety, powertrain and in-car entertainment systems, as well as several types of desktop computer and console controllers and other peripherals</p><p>Although they can be thought of in very general terms as a sort of miniaturised &lsquo;computer' component embedded as part of a powered integrated circuit (IC), microcontrollers themselves are relatively limited in scope. They're chiefly used to perform repetitive, single-function tasks requiring only limited clock speeds and comparatively low memory speeds to execute.</p><p>AVR microcontrollers are available with different packages such as through hole mounting and surface mount. AVR was one of the first type of microcontroller to use on chip flash memory for program storage instead of one-time programmable ROM, EPROM or EEPROM which was used by other microcontrollers at that period.</p><p>AVR Microcontrollers include:</p><ul><li>TinyAVR - these are small with less memory and ideal for simple programming</li><li>MegaAVR - these are popular due to the amount of memory, more inbuilt peripherals and ideal for more complex programming</li><li>XmegaAVR - ideal for more complex programming where large program memory and a higher speed is needed</li></ul>

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